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UDL (Universal Design for Learning) & WCAG (Web Content Accessibility Guidelines)

UDL (Universal Design for Learning)

  • What it is: A research-based framework (from CAST) for designing learning so it works for the widest range of learners from the start—not via after-the-fact accommodations.

  • 3 core principles:

    • Multiple Means of Engagement (the “why”): relevance, choice, motivation.

    • Multiple Means of Representation (the “what”): varied formats—text, audio, video, visuals, plain-language summaries.

    • Multiple Means of Action & Expression (the “how”): flexible ways to demonstrate learning—writing, presentations, prototypes, recorded responses.

  • Practical examples (consultancy-ready):

    • Offer two assessment modes (e.g., written brief or 5-min video) with a single rubric.

    • Provide pre-class primers (one-page summary + 3-min video) and post-class job aids.

    • Build choice into projects (topic, case, or dataset) while aligning to the same outcomes.

WCAG (Web Content Accessibility Guidelines)

  • What it is: Technical standards from W3C for making digital content accessible to people with disabilities. Used globally in policy, procurement, and compliance.

  • Conformance levels: A, AA (most commonly required), AAA (enhanced).

  • 4 principles (POUR):

    • Perceivable: text alternatives, captions, sufficient color contrast.

    • Operable: keyboard navigation, visible focus, enough time, no seizures.

    • Understandable: clear language, predictable navigation, helpful error messages.

    • Robust: works with assistive tech (screen readers), proper HTML semantics.

  • Practical examples (LMS/sites/materials):

    • Headings (H1–H3) reflect structure; no “bold + big” as a fake heading.

    • Alt text for meaningful images; mark decorative images as decorative.

    • Caption/subtitle all videos; provide transcripts for audio.

    • Contrast ≥ 4.5:1 for normal text; clear focus states; all actions reachable by keyboard only.

How they relate (quick view)

  • UDL = pedagogy & learning experience design.

  • WCAG = technical accessibility standard.
    Use WCAG to ensure access to the materials and platform; use UDL to ensure learning is effective for diverse learners.

Fast, actionable checks (use in audits/workshops)

  • 60-second UDL check:

    • Do learners have choice in how they engage or show understanding?

    • Is there a plain-language summary + one alternate format of key content?

  • 60-second WCAG check:

    • Can you tab through the page logically? Is the focus visible?

    • Do images have appropriate alt text? Do videos have captions?

    • Does text pass contrast? (Aim for AA.)

  • Procurement tip: Require vendors to meet WCAG 2.x AA, provide a VPAT, and support keyboard + screen readers. Build this into RFPs and acceptance criteria.

Common pitfalls to avoid

  • Treating UDL as “add-on accommodations” (it’s proactive design).

  • Meeting WCAG on the site but ignoring PDFs/Slides (they must also comply).

  • Writing generic alt text (“image”) or overlong alt text; match purpose and context.

  • Using color alone to convey meaning (add labels/patterns).